Abstract
[This is an excerpt.] Moral injury has been defined as the combined psychological, social, and spiritual impact of events involving violation of personal moral beliefs and values, especially in high-stress situations. 1 For centuries, this phenomenon has been experienced by military service members who perpetrated, witnessed, or failed to prevent acts that transgressed their own moral values or code of conduct. Examples include causing the deaths of civilians, following illegal or immoral orders, or failing to provide needed medical assistance. General mechanisms of moral injury include acts of commission, acts of omission, and betrayal. [To read more, click View Resource.]
